Evolution of Direct Lending

Direct Lending is a type of Private Credit strategy that makes direct, illiquid loans to middle market companies outside of the traditional banking system. Direct Lending usually refers to first lien loans as well as unitranche loans that combine different debt classes or liens into a single loan.

The middle market represents a significant cross-section of the US economy, accounting for one-third of private sector GDP, $13 trillion in revenue and 50 million workers employed.⁴ Despite this, banks have largely withdrawn from the middle market as they have grown larger via consolidation and more constrained with their lending due to the flood of regulations post the Great Financial Crisis.

Other growth drivers for the industry include the $1.7 trillion of dry powder that the Private Equity industry has amassed while awaiting a better dealmaking environment.⁵ Direct Lending has a strong presence in the leveraged buyout loan market with its share rising to as high as 93% in 2023.⁶ In addition, nearly $1 trillion in middle market loans are scheduled to come due by 2030, which can drive significant refinancing activity for direct lenders.⁷

Investor demand for Direct Lending funds remains strong, underpinned by a higher-for-longer interest rate environment. Direct Lending funds have generated superior performance relative to both high-yield bonds and syndicated loans during seven periods of rising rates since 2009.⁸ Annualized returns divided by volatility, or Sharpe ratio, was also superior for Direct Lending relative to these two asset classes.⁹ This has not been lost on investors. Surveyed investors have cited Private Debt most frequently as the private asset class they intend to allocate more to.

Learn more about the rise of direct lending from its small, early origins to its present role as a mainstay of the private credit industry.

¹ Source: PitchBook, March 31, 2024.
² Source: FDIC, as of December 31, 2023. Data from 2000 to 2023, measured by number of FDIC-insured banks.
³ Source: PitchBook LCD and S&P Credit Pro. Default rates based on the cumulative total of defaults between 1998 and 2023 on broadly syndicated institutional loans (12,223 issuers). Loss rate is calculated using the following formula: Loss Rate = Default Rate x (1 – Recovery Rate). Recovery rate data based on cumulative recovery on defaulted loans in the broadly syndicated institutional market between 1995 and 2023. 
⁴ Source: J.P. Morgan, Next Street, “The Middle Matters: Exploring the Diverse Middle Market Business Landscape.”
⁵ Source: PitchBook, as of June 30, 2024.
⁶ Source: Pitchbook LCD Data, as of September 30, 2024.
⁷ Source: LESG LPC and Morgan Stanley Research. Represents combined total of BDC and syndicated middle market loan maturities.
⁸ Source: “Direct Lending” is represented by the Cliffwater Direct Lending Index (CDLI) and is calculated from quarterly data, which has been annualized. “Leveraged Loans” is represented by the Morningstar LSTA U.S. Leveraged Loan Index calculated from annualized monthly data. “High Yield Bonds” is represented by the ICE BofA High Yield Index calculated from annualized monthly data. High-rate environments are defined as periods of uninterrupted monthly increases in the 10-year US Treasury yield of 75 basis points or more. Return comparisons are based on the average of annualized monthly returns during seven such periods between 4Q’08 and 1Q’23. Volatility is measured using the standard deviation of annualized monthly returns. Ratios are based on the average of all monthly data between Q1’08 and Q4’22.
⁹ Preqin Global 2023 Report: Private Debt, January 1, 2023.